#### Linux From Scratch - Version 7.9

### Chapter 8. Making the LFS System Bootable

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# 8.3. Linux-4.4.2

The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.

Approximate build time: 3.0 - 49.0 SBU (typically about 6 SBU)
Required disk space: 700 - 6800 MB (typically about 800-900 MB)

## 8.3.1. Installation of the kernel

Building the kernel involves a few steps—configuration, compilation, and installation. Read the `README` file in the kernel source tree for alternative methods to the way this book configures the kernel.

Prepare for compilation by running the following command:

    make mrproper

This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to each kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being clean after un-tarring.

Configure the kernel via a menu-driven interface. For general information on kernel configuration see http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/downloads/files/kernel-configuration.txt. BLFS has some information regarding particular kernel configuration requirements of packages outside of LFS at http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/7.9/longindex.html#kernel-config-index. Additional information about configuring and building the kernel can be found at http://www.kroah.com/lkn/

### Note

A good starting place for setting up the kernel configuration is to run make defconfig. This will set the base configuration to a good state that takes your current system architecture into account.

Be sure to configure the following features as shown:

    Device Drivers  --->
      Generic Driver Options  --->
       [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]
       [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]

There are several other options that may be desired depending on the requirements for the system. For a list of options needed for BLFS packages, see the BLFS Index of Kernel Settings (http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/7.9/longindex.html#kernel-config-index).

The rationale for the above configuration items:

`Support for uevent helper`

  Having this option set may interfere with device management when using Udev/Eudev.

`Maintain a devtmpfs`

  This will create automated device nodes which are populated by the kernel, even without Udev running. Udev then runs on top of this, managing permissions and adding symlinks. This configuration item is required for all users of Udev/Eudev.

    make LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL= menuconfig

The meaning of the make parameters:

`LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=`

  This establishes the locale setting to the one used on the host. This is needed for a proper menuconfig ncurses interface line drawing on UTF-8 linux text console.

  Be sure to replace `<host_LANG_value>` by the value of the `$LANG` variable from your host. If not set, you could use instead the host's value of `$LC_ALL` or `$LC_CTYPE`.

Alternatively, make oldconfig may be more appropriate in some situations. See the `README` file for more information.

If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel config file, `.config`, from the host system (assuming it is available) to the unpacked `linux-4.4.2` directory. However, we do not recommend this option. It is often better to explore all the configuration menus and create the kernel configuration from scratch.

Compile the kernel image and modules:

    make

If using kernel modules, module configuration in `/etc/modprobe.d` may be required. Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is located in Section 7.3, “Overview of Device and Module Handling” and in the kernel documentation in the `linux-4.4.2/Documentation` directory. Also, `modprobe.d(5)` may be of interest.

Install the modules, if the kernel configuration uses them:

    make modules_install

After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are required to complete the installation. Some files need to be copied to the `/boot` directory.

The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the platform being used. The filename below can be changed to suit your taste, but the stem of the filename should be vmlinuz to be compatible with the automatic setup of the boot process described in the next section. The following command assumes an x86 architecture:

    cp -v arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-4.4.2-lfs-7.9

`System.map` is a symbol file for the kernel. It maps the function entry points of every function in the kernel API, as well as the addresses of the kernel data structures for the running kernel. It is used as a resource when investigating kernel problems. Issue the following command to install the map file:

    cp -v System.map /boot/System.map-4.4.2

The kernel configuration file `.config` produced by the make menuconfig step above contains all the configuration selections for the kernel that was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep this file for future reference:

    cp -v .config /boot/config-4.4.2

Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:

    install -d /usr/share/doc/linux-4.4.2
    cp -r Documentation/* /usr/share/doc/linux-4.4.2

It is important to note that the files in the kernel source directory are not owned by root. Whenever a package is unpacked as user root (like we did inside chroot), the files have the user and group IDs of whatever they were on the packager's computer. This is usually not a problem for any other package to be installed because the source tree is removed after the installation. However, the Linux source tree is often retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody on the machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel source.

### Note

In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to be updated for packages that will be installed later in BLFS. Unlike other packages, it is not necessary to remove the kernel source tree after the newly built kernel is installed.

If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run chown -R 0:0 on the `linux-4.4.2` directory to ensure all files are owned by user root.

### Warning

Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink from `/usr/src/linux` pointing to the kernel source directory. This is specific to kernels prior to the 2.6 series and must not be created on an LFS system as it can cause problems for packages you may wish to build once your base LFS system is complete.

### Warning

The headers in the system's `include` directory (`/usr/include`) should always be the ones against which Glibc was compiled, that is, the sanitised headers installed in Section 6.7, “Linux-4.4.2 API Headers”. Therefore, they should never be replaced by either the raw kernel headers or any other kernel sanitized headers.

## 8.3.2. Configuring Linux Module Load Order

Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but sometimes it needs some specific direction. The program that loads modules, modprobe or insmod, uses `/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf` for this purpose. This file needs to be created so that if the USB drivers (ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd) have been built as modules, they will be loaded in the correct order; ehci_hcd needs to be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order to avoid a warning being output at boot time.

Create a new file `/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf` by running the following:

    install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d
    cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << "EOF"
    # Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf

    install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true
    install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true

    # End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
    EOF

## 8.3.3. Contents of Linux

Installed files: config-4.4.2, vmlinuz-4.4.2-lfs-7.9, and System.map-4.4.2
Installed directories: /lib/modules, /usr/share/doc/linux-4.4.2

### Short Descriptions

`config-4.4.2` | Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel
`vmlinuz-4.4.2-lfs-7.9` | The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the computer, the kernel is the first part of the operating system that gets loaded. It detects and initializes all components of the computer's hardware, then makes these components available as a tree of files to the software and turns a single CPU into a multitasking machine capable of running scores of programs seemingly at the same time
`System.map-4.4.2` | A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points and addresses of all the functions and data structures in the kernel

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