#### "Linux Gazette...making Linux just a little more fun!"

# Linux Basics

#### By Paul Anderson

I was reading through the Linux Gazette Mailbag column, and noticed a number of requests for basic info about Linux and the use thereof. In this doc, I'll cover the basics of logging in, using the shell, and even some rudamentry shell scripting and various useful utilities. I won't, however, cover the use of X Windows, as that can be a whole subject unto itself. Also, I will only be able to cover the Debian distribution as I don't have RedHat or S.u.S.E or other distributions around here.

Before I begin, I would like to make one point: Linux is much more powerful than any Microsoft product, and with that greater power comes the responsibility to learn how to use it properly. This is to be expected, and is much less than painful than many make it out to be.

## Logging In

So, you've got Linux installed on your system and you're just about to begin using it. You're presented with a screen looking like this:

    Debian GNU Linux 1.3 geeky1 tty1

    geeky1 login:

You probably created a personal account for yourself, and we'll use that. In these examples, the account is paul, password password. Now, at the login prompt type in your username, in our example, paul. The screen will now look like this:

    Debian GNU Linux 1.3 geeky1 tty3

    geeky1 login: paul
    Password:

Now, watch your fingers while you type in the password - it won't be echoed for security reasons, and watching your fingers will help you keep from making a mistake. The system will now display the contents of /etc/motd, and run the file .bash_profile in your home directory if you're using the bash shell(most distributions default to using bash).

## Using The Shell

The shell is kind of like DOS's command.com, but MUCH more powerful. The first command we're going to use is the touch command. All it does is either create an empty file, or update the last modified date on an already existing file. The shell prompt will probably look like a dollar sign. First, we want to make a directory to hold our work. At the prompt, type:

    mkdir foo

Now, we want to use the ls command, which is the equivalent of DOS's dir command. While I'm at it, if you want more info on using any command listed here, type:
man command
Where command is the command you want more information on. man is short for manual page. Type ls, and it will list foo. Now, type:

    cd foo

Okay, you're now in the foo directory. Oh dear, a bit confusing isn't it? The current directory isn't displayed on the prompt. Let's fix it. The environment variable PS1 holds the specification for the prompt. Type:

    export PS1="\`pwd\`:\`whoami\`:\$ "

And you'll notice you're prompt has changed! Let me explain... export is used in bash to make the variable so that it is carried to other shells you run - if you don't export the variable, and run a program, the program won't know about the variable. It's good practice to use export whenever you set an evironment variable. Next, you'll notice \`pwd\`. What's with this \` stuff, you ask? In bash, the backslash is used to 'escape' a character - keep the shell from processing it. Why the backquote? In a shell, it's used to tell the shell to replace the stuff inside the backquotes with what's printed on the screen by the program that's inside them. For example, type:

    echo f`pwd`f

The system will print:

    f/home/paulf

The shell evaluated the backquotes, and replaced the text inside them with the output of the pwd program. Now, if we hadn't escaped the backquotes - the shell would evaluate them when it shouldn't and the current directory portion of the prompt would always stay the same. Now, in bash, ~ refers to your home directory. Go ahead, type:

    echo ~

You'll get something like:

    /home/paul

So, we say that the directory foo you just created is in the path ~/foo Now, I want you to type:

    touch bork

And then type ls again. Wala! You've just created an empty file! Now, do it again, except this time creating three files - foo.txt, bork.txt and bar.txt. In DOS, if you wanted to change the extension of all these to .html, you'd have to do it by hand, right? Linux, however, is much more powerful. Type:

    for i in `ls`; do mv $i `basename $i .txt`.html; done

And do an ls again. They've all changed extension to .html! You've actually done some shell programming. You've written what's called a for loop(for obvious reasons). For every instance reported by ls, the environment variable $i is set to the entry, and the stuff after do is run. Right now would be a good time to use man to learn about the basename command. It strips off the specified extension(in this case, .txt) and returns the value of $i sans the extension. The backquotes make certain that the shell ends up seeing it as:

    mv foo.txt foo.html

Amazing, eh?

This brings to an end our basic intro to the shell. Next, I hope to write an intro to emacs and writing shell scripts.

-- Paul Anderson, paul@geeky1.ebtech.net

##### Copyright © 1998, Paul Anderson
Published in Issue 34 of Linux Gazette, November 1998