The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition
Copyright © 2001-2016 The IEEE and The Open Group

#### NAME

> semop - XSI semaphore operations

#### SYNOPSIS

> ``[XSI] #include <sys/sem.h>
> int semop(int` semid`, struct sembuf *`sops`, size_t` nsops`);``
> `
> `

#### DESCRIPTION

> The semop() function operates on XSI semaphores (see XBD Semaphore). It is unspecified whether this function interoperates with the realtime interprocess communication facilities defined in Realtime.

> The semop() function shall perform atomically a user-defined array of semaphore operations in array order on the set of semaphores associated with the semaphore identifier specified by the argument semid.

> The argument sops is a pointer to a user-defined array of semaphore operation structures. The implementation shall not modify elements of this array unless the application uses implementation-defined extensions.

> The argument nsops is the number of such structures in the array.

> Each structure, sembuf, includes the following members:

> Member Type | Member Name | Description
> --- | --- | ---
> unsigned short | sem_num | Semaphore number.
> short | sem_op | Semaphore operation.
> short | sem_flg | Operation flags.

> Each semaphore operation specified by sem_op is performed on the corresponding semaphore specified by semid and sem_num.

> The variable sem_op specifies one of three semaphore operations:

> 1. If sem_op is a negative integer and the calling process has alter permission, one of the following shall occur:

>    - If semval(see <sys/sem.h>) is greater than or equal to the absolute value of sem_op, the absolute value of sem_op is subtracted from semval. Also, if (sem_flg &SEM_UNDO) is non-zero, the absolute value of sem_op shall be added to the semadj value of the calling process for the specified semaphore.

>    - If semval is less than the absolute value of sem_op and (sem_flg &IPC_NOWAIT) is non-zero, semop() shall return immediately.

>    - If semval is less than the absolute value of sem_op and (sem_flg &IPC_NOWAIT) is 0, semop() shall increment the semncnt associated with the specified semaphore and suspend execution of the calling thread until one of the following conditions occurs:

>      - The value of semval becomes greater than or equal to the absolute value of sem_op. When this occurs, the value of semncnt associated with the specified semaphore shall be decremented, the absolute value of sem_op shall be subtracted from semval and, if (sem_flg &SEM_UNDO) is non-zero, the absolute value of sem_op shall be added to the semadj value of the calling process for the specified semaphore.

>      - The semid for which the calling thread is awaiting action is removed from the system. When this occurs, errno shall be set to [EIDRM] and -1 shall be returned.

>      - The calling thread receives a signal that is to be caught. When this occurs, the value of semncnt associated with the specified semaphore shall be decremented, and the calling thread shall resume execution in the manner prescribed in sigaction.

> 2. If sem_op is a positive integer and the calling process has alter permission, the value of sem_op shall be added to semval and, if (sem_flg &SEM_UNDO) is non-zero, the value of sem_op shall be subtracted from the semadj value of the calling process for the specified semaphore.

> 3. If sem_op is 0 and the calling process has read permission, one of the following shall occur:

>    - If semval is 0, semop() shall return immediately.

>    - If semval is non-zero and (sem_flg &IPC_NOWAIT) is non-zero, semop() shall return immediately.

>    - If semval is non-zero and (sem_flg &IPC_NOWAIT) is 0, semop() shall increment the semzcnt associated with the specified semaphore and suspend execution of the calling thread until one of the following occurs:

>      - The value of semval becomes 0, at which time the value of semzcnt associated with the specified semaphore shall be decremented.

>      - The semid for which the calling thread is awaiting action is removed from the system. When this occurs, errno shall be set to [EIDRM] and -1 shall be returned.

>      - The calling thread receives a signal that is to be caught. When this occurs, the value of semzcnt associated with the specified semaphore shall be decremented, and the calling thread shall resume execution in the manner prescribed in sigaction.

> Upon successful completion, the value of sempid for each semaphore specified in the array pointed to by sops shall be set to the process ID of the calling process. Also, the sem_otime timestamp shall be set to the current time, as described in IPC General Description.

#### RETURN VALUE

> Upon successful completion, semop() shall return 0; otherwise, it shall return -1 and set errno to indicate the error.

#### ERRORS

> The semop() function shall fail if:

> [E2BIG]
>   The value of nsops is greater than the system-imposed maximum.
> [EACCES]
>   Operation permission is denied to the calling process; see XSI Interprocess Communication.
> [EAGAIN]
>   The operation would result in suspension of the calling process but (sem_flg &IPC_NOWAIT) is non-zero.
> [EFBIG]
>   The value of sem_num is greater than or equal to the number of semaphores in the set associated with semid.
> [EIDRM]
>   The semaphore identifier semid is removed from the system.
> [EINTR]
>   The semop() function was interrupted by a signal.
> [EINVAL]
>   The value of semid is not a valid semaphore identifier, or the number of individual semaphores for which the calling process requests a SEM_UNDO would exceed the system-imposed limit.
> [ENOSPC]
>   The limit on the number of individual processes requesting a SEM_UNDO would be exceeded.
> [ERANGE]
>   An operation would cause a semval to overflow the system-imposed limit, or an operation would cause a semadj value to overflow the system-imposed limit.

The following sections are informative.

#### EXAMPLES

> ##### Setting Values in Semaphores

> The following example sets the values of the two semaphores associated with the semid identifier to the values contained in the sb array.

>     #include <sys/sem.h>
>     ...
>     int semid;
>     struct sembuf sb[2];
>     int nsops = 2;
>     int result;

>     /* Code to initialize semid. */
>     ...

>     /* Adjust value of semaphore in the semaphore array semid. */
>     sb[0].sem_num = 0;
>     sb[0].sem_op = -1;
>     sb[0].sem_flg = SEM_UNDO | IPC_NOWAIT;
>     sb[1].sem_num = 1;
>     sb[1].sem_op = 1;
>     sb[1].sem_flg = 0;

>     result = semop(semid, sb, nsops);

> ##### Creating a Semaphore Identifier

> The following example gets a unique semaphore key using the ftok() function, then gets a semaphore ID associated with that key using the semget() function (the first call also tests to make sure the semaphore exists). If the semaphore does not exist, the program creates it, as shown by the second call to semget(). In creating the semaphore for the queuing process, the program attempts to create one semaphore with read/write permission for all. It also uses the IPC_EXCL flag, which forces semget() to fail if the semaphore already exists.

> After creating the semaphore, the program uses calls to semctl() and semop() to initialize it to the values in the sbuf array. The number of processes that can execute concurrently without queuing is initially set to 2. The final call to semget() creates a semaphore identifier that can be used later in the program.

> Processes that obtain semid without creating it check that sem_otime is non-zero, to ensure that the creating process has completed the semop() initialization.

> The final call to semop() acquires the semaphore and waits until it is free; the SEM_UNDO option releases the semaphore when the process exits, waiting until there are less than two processes running concurrently.

>     #include <stdio.h>
>     #include <sys/sem.h>
>     #include <sys/stat.h>
>     #include <errno.h>
>     #include <stdlib.h>
>     ...
>     key_t semkey;
>     int semid;
>     struct sembuf sbuf;
>     union semun {
>         int val;
>         struct semid_ds *buf;
>         unsigned short *array;
>     } arg;
>     struct semid_ds ds;
>     ...
>     /* Get unique key for semaphore. */
>     if ((semkey = ftok("/tmp", 'a')) == (key_t) -1) {
>         perror("IPC error: ftok"); exit(1);
>     }

>     /* Get semaphore ID associated with this key. */
>     if ((semid = semget(semkey, 0, 0)) == -1) {

>         /* Semaphore does not exist - Create. */
>         if ((semid = semget(semkey, 1, IPC_CREAT | IPC_EXCL | S_IRUSR |
>             S_IWUSR | S_IRGRP | S_IWGRP | S_IROTH | S_IWOTH)) != -1)
>         {
>             /* Initialize the semaphore. */
>             arg.val = 0;
>             sbuf.sem_num = 0;
>             sbuf.sem_op = 2;  /* This is the number of runs without queuing. */
>             sbuf.sem_flg = 0;
>             if (semctl(semid, 0, SETVAL, arg) == -1
>                 || semop(semid, &sbuf, 1) == -1) {
>                 perror("IPC error: semop"); exit(1);
>             }
>         }
>         else if (errno == EEXIST) {
>             if ((semid = semget(semkey, 0, 0)) == -1) {
>                 perror("IPC error 1: semget"); exit(1);
>             }
>             goto check_init;
>         }
>         else {
>             perror("IPC error 2: semget"); exit(1);
>         }
>     }
>     else
>     {
>         /* Check that semid has completed initialization. */
>         /* An application can use a retry loop at this point rather than
>            exiting. */
>         check_init:
>         arg.buf = &ds;
>         if (semctl(semid, 0, IPC_STAT, arg) < 0) {
>             perror("IPC error 3: semctl"); exit(1);
>         }
>         if (ds.sem_otime == 0) {
>             perror("IPC error 4: semctl"); exit(1);
>         }
>     }
>     ...
>     sbuf.sem_num = 0;
>     sbuf.sem_op = -1;
>     sbuf.sem_flg = SEM_UNDO;
>     if (semop(semid, &sbuf, 1) == -1) {
>         perror("IPC Error: semop"); exit(1);
>     }

#### APPLICATION USAGE

> The POSIX Realtime Extension defines alternative interfaces for interprocess communication. Application developers who need to use IPC should design their applications so that modules using the IPC routines described in XSI Interprocess Communication can be easily modified to use the alternative interfaces.

#### RATIONALE

> None.

#### FUTURE DIRECTIONS

> None.

#### SEE ALSO

> XSI Interprocess Communication, Realtime, exec, exit, fork, semctl, semget, sem_close, sem_destroy, sem_getvalue, sem_init, sem_open, sem_post, sem_trywait, sem_unlink

> XBD Semaphore, <sys/ipc.h>, <sys/sem.h>, <sys/types.h>

#### CHANGE HISTORY

> First released in Issue 2. Derived from Issue 2 of the SVID.

#### Issue 5

> The note about use of POSIX Realtime Extension IPC routines has been moved from FUTURE DIRECTIONS to a new APPLICATION USAGE section.

#### Issue 7

> SD5-XSH-ERN-171 is applied, updating the DESCRIPTION to clarify the order in which the operations in sops will be performed when there are multiple operations.

> POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 1, XSH/TC1-2008/0538 [329,429], XSH/TC1-2008/0539 [345,428], XSH/TC1-2008/0540 [329,429], XSH/TC1-2008/0541 [335], and XSH/TC1-2008/0542 [291,429] are applied.

End of informative text.

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