The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition
Copyright © 2001-2016 The IEEE and The Open Group

#### NAME

> flockfile, ftrylockfile, funlockfile - stdio locking functions

#### SYNOPSIS

> ``[CX] #include <stdio.h>
> void flockfile(FILE *`file`);
> int ftrylockfile(FILE *`file`);
> void funlockfile(FILE *`file`);``
> `
> `

#### DESCRIPTION

> These functions shall provide for explicit application-level locking of stdio (FILE *) objects. These functions can be used by a thread to delineate a sequence of I/O statements that are executed as a unit.

> The flockfile() function shall acquire for a thread ownership of a (FILE *) object.

> The ftrylockfile() function shall acquire for a thread ownership of a (FILE *) object if the object is available; ftrylockfile() is a non-blocking version of flockfile().

> The funlockfile() function shall relinquish the ownership granted to the thread. The behavior is undefined if a thread other than the current owner calls the funlockfile() function.

> The functions shall behave as if there is a lock count associated with each (FILE *) object. This count is implicitly initialized to zero when the (FILE *) object is created. The (FILE *) object is unlocked when the count is zero. When the count is positive, a single thread owns the (FILE *) object. When the flockfile() function is called, if the count is zero or if the count is positive and the caller owns the (FILE *) object, the count shall be incremented. Otherwise, the calling thread shall be suspended, waiting for the count to return to zero. Each call to funlockfile() shall decrement the count. This allows matching calls to flockfile() (or successful calls to ftrylockfile()) and funlockfile() to be nested.

> All functions that reference (FILE *) objects, except those with names ending in _unlocked, shall behave as if they use flockfile() and funlockfile() internally to obtain ownership of these (FILE *) objects.

#### RETURN VALUE

> None for flockfile() and funlockfile().

> The ftrylockfile() function shall return zero for success and non-zero to indicate that the lock cannot be acquired.

#### ERRORS

> No errors are defined.

The following sections are informative.

#### EXAMPLES

> None.

#### APPLICATION USAGE

> Applications using these functions may be subject to priority inversion, as discussed in XBD Priority Inversion.

> A call to exit() can block until locked streams are unlocked because a thread having ownership of a (FILE*) object blocks all function calls that reference that (FILE*) object (except those with names ending in _unlocked) from other threads, including calls to exit().

#### RATIONALE

> The flockfile() and funlockfile() functions provide an orthogonal mutual-exclusion lock for each FILE. The ftrylockfile() function provides a non-blocking attempt to acquire a file lock, analogous to pthread_mutex_trylock().

> These locks behave as if they are the same as those used internally by stdio for thread-safety. This both provides thread-safety of these functions without requiring a second level of internal locking and allows functions in stdio to be implemented in terms of other stdio functions.

> Application developers and implementors should be aware that there are potential deadlock problems on FILE objects. For example, the line-buffered flushing semantics of stdio (requested via {_IOLBF}) require that certain input operations sometimes cause the buffered contents of implementation-defined line-buffered output streams to be flushed. If two threads each hold the lock on the other's FILE, deadlock ensues. This type of deadlock can be avoided by acquiring FILE locks in a consistent order. In particular, the line-buffered output stream deadlock can typically be avoided by acquiring locks on input streams before locks on output streams if a thread would be acquiring both.

> In summary, threads sharing stdio streams with other threads can use flockfile() and funlockfile() to cause sequences of I/O performed by a single thread to be kept bundled. The only case where the use of flockfile() and funlockfile() is required is to provide a scope protecting uses of the *_unlocked functions/macros. This moves the cost/performance tradeoff to the optimal point.

#### FUTURE DIRECTIONS

> None.

#### SEE ALSO

> exit, getc_unlocked

> XBD Priority Inversion, <stdio.h>

#### CHANGE HISTORY

> First released in Issue 5. Included for alignment with the POSIX Threads Extension.

#### Issue 6

> These functions are marked as part of the Thread-Safe Functions option.

#### Issue 7

> The flockfile(), ftrylockfile(), and funlockfile() functions are moved from the Thread-Safe Functions option to the Base.

> POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 1, XSH/TC1-2008/0140 [118] is applied.

> POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XSH/TC2-2008/0116 [611] is applied.

End of informative text.

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