The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 7
IEEE Std 1003.1-2008, 2016 Edition
Copyright © 2001-2016 The IEEE and The Open Group

#### NAME

> head - copy the first part of files

#### SYNOPSIS

> ``head` [`-n` number] [file`...`]`

#### DESCRIPTION

> The head utility shall copy its input files to the standard output, ending the output for each file at a designated point.

> Copying shall end at the point in each input file indicated by the -n number option. The option-argument number shall be counted in units of lines.

#### OPTIONS

> The head utility shall conform to XBD Utility Syntax Guidelines .

> The following option shall be supported:

> -n number
>   The first number lines of each input file shall be copied to standard output. The application shall ensure that the number option-argument is a positive decimal integer.

> When a file contains less than number lines, it shall be copied to standard output in its entirety. This shall not be an error.

> If no options are specified, head shall act as if -n 10 had been specified.

#### OPERANDS

> The following operand shall be supported:

> file
>   A pathname of an input file. If no file operands are specified, the standard input shall be used.

#### STDIN

> The standard input shall be used if no file operands are specified, and shall be used if a file operand is `'-'` and the implementation treats the `'-'` as meaning standard input. Otherwise, the standard input shall not be used. See the INPUT FILES section.

#### INPUT FILES

> Input files shall be text files, but the line length is not restricted to {LINE_MAX} bytes.

#### ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES

> The following environment variables shall affect the execution of head:

> LANG
>   Provide a default value for the internationalization variables that are unset or null. (See XBD Internationalization Variables for the precedence of internationalization variables used to determine the values of locale categories.)
> LC_ALL
>   If set to a non-empty string value, override the values of all the other internationalization variables.
> LC_CTYPE
>   Determine the locale for the interpretation of sequences of bytes of text data as characters (for example, single-byte as opposed to multi-byte characters in arguments and input files).
> LC_MESSAGES
>   Determine the locale that should be used to affect the format and contents of diagnostic messages written to standard error.
> NLSPATH
>   [XSI] Determine the location of message catalogs for the processing of LC_MESSAGES.

#### ASYNCHRONOUS EVENTS

> Default.

#### STDOUT

> The standard output shall contain designated portions of the input files.

> If multiple file operands are specified, head shall precede the output for each with the header:

>     "\n==> %s <==\n", <pathname>

> except that the first header written shall not include the initial <newline>.

#### STDERR

> The standard error shall be used only for diagnostic messages.

#### OUTPUT FILES

> None.

#### EXTENDED DESCRIPTION

> None.

#### EXIT STATUS

> The following exit values shall be returned:

> 0
>   Successful completion.
> >0
>   An error occurred.

#### CONSEQUENCES OF ERRORS

> Default.

The following sections are informative.

#### APPLICATION USAGE

> When using head to process pathnames, it is recommended that LC_ALL, or at least LC_CTYPE and LC_COLLATE, are set to POSIX or C in the environment, since pathnames can contain byte sequences that do not form valid characters in some locales, in which case the utility's behavior would be undefined. In the POSIX locale each byte is a valid single-byte character, and therefore this problem is avoided.

#### EXAMPLES

> To write the first ten lines of all files (except those with a leading period) in the directory:

>     head -- *

#### RATIONALE

> Although it is possible to simulate head with sed 10q for a single file, the standard developers decided that the popularity of head on historical BSD systems warranted its inclusion alongside tail.

> POSIX.1-2008 version of head follows the Utility Syntax Guidelines. The -n option was added to this new interface so that head and tail would be more logically related. Earlier versions of this standard allowed a -number option. This form is no longer specified by POSIX.1-2008 but may be present in some implementations.

> There is no -c option (as there is in tail) because it is not historical practice and because other utilities in this volume of POSIX.1-2008 provide similar functionality.

#### FUTURE DIRECTIONS

> None.

#### SEE ALSO

> sed, tail

> XBD Environment Variables, Utility Syntax Guidelines

#### CHANGE HISTORY

> First released in Issue 4.

#### Issue 6

> The obsolescent -number form is removed.

> The normative text is reworded to avoid use of the term "must" for application requirements.

> The DESCRIPTION is updated to clarify that when a file contains less than the number of lines requested, the entire file is copied to standard output.

#### Issue 7

> Austin Group Interpretations 1003.1-2001 #027 and #092 are applied.

> SD5-XCU-ERN-97 is applied, updating the SYNOPSIS.

> The APPLICATION USAGE section is removed and the EXAMPLES section is corrected.

> POSIX.1-2008, Technical Corrigendum 2, XCU/TC2-2008/0107 [663] is applied.

End of informative text.

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