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## 2. Programming Languages

C, Lisp and Perl are traditional hacking languages in the GNU/Linux culture; Python, PHP, Java and C++ have gained new ground recently.

## 2.1 Concepts in the Table

Language

  A common name of the language.

Beginner

  Indicates how well suited the language is for people with little programming experience. A language marked with ``yes'' should be viable for a beginner's first programming language.

Performance

  How fast your applications are likely to run when you put them into production use. Performance depends more on your algorithmic programming skills than the actual language. As a rule of thumb, C, C++ and Fortran are sometimes necessary because they can offer better performance than other languages - at other times they might be unwieldy for the desired purpose. (One idea for unscientific ``benchmarking'' of the languages would be to implement a simple sorting algorithm in all of them and compare running times. This of course does not measure the performance of the actual language - since that concept does not make sense - but only the implementation. Of course it's also not a very reliable or thorough method, but it would give an example how running times in different languages can differ. Anybody want to help me with this?)

OOP, Object-Oriented Programming vs. other paradigms

  Object-oriented programming is an important programming paradigm that is gaining popularity. In object oriented programming, data structures and algorithms are integrated into units, often called classes. OOP is often contrasted with procedural programming (which uses separate algorithms and data structures). It is not strictly dependent on language: you can do OOP in languages not listed as such (C for example), and program in the procedural style in languages that are listed as OOP. I've listed as OOP languages that have special features or add-ons to facilitate OOP. Functional languages (Lisp for example) are a bit different breed - among other things, functional programming is a superset of OOP. Logic programming (Prolog), also called declarative programming, on the other hand, is not related to the other types of programming in a similar sense.

RAD, Rapid Application Development

  More dependent on the tools you are using than the actual language. There is a HOWTO on GUI development tools for Linux, although it's out of date. With a good graphical tool you can do RAD. RAD can be powerful when based on code reuse as well, so free software could provide a good starting point.

Examples

  Mentions fields of programming the language is most often used in. Other good (and bad) uses exist, but they are less typical.

Comments

  Additional information on the language, like capacities and dialects.

## 2.2 Major Languages

    Perl
    Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
    Examples: Scripting, sysadmin, www
    Comments: Powerful for handling text and strings

    Python
    Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
    Examples: Scripting, application scripting, www
    Comments:

    TCL
    Beginner: Yes - OOP: No
    Examples: Scripting, sysadmin, applications
    Comments:

    PHP
    Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
    Examples: Www
    Comments: Popular for web databases

    Java
    Beginner: Yes - OOP: Yes
    Examples: Cross-platform applications, www
    Comments: Spreading to new areas, eg. e-commerce infrastructure

    Lisp
    Beginner: Yes - OOP: Functional
    Examples: Emacs modes (for Elisp), AI
    Comments: Variants Elisp, Clisp and Scheme

    Fortran
    Beginner: No  - OOP: No
    Examples: Mathematical (scientific) applications
    Comments: Variants f77 and f90/95

    C
    Beginner: No  - OOP: No
    Examples: System programming, applications
    Comments:

    C++
    Beginner: No  - OOP: Yes
    Examples: Applications
    Comments:

## 2.3 Shell Programming

Shells are an important programming environment, too. I haven't covered them because I don't understand the field very thoroughly yet. Knowledge of shells is important for anyone who works on Linux regularly, more so for system administrators. There are similarities between shell programming and other kinds of scripting - often they can achieve the same goals, and you have the option of choosing between native shell and a separate scripting language. Among the most popular shells are bash, tcsh, csh, ksh and zsh. You can get basic information on your shell with the man command, man bash for example.

## 2.4 Other Languages

Other languages of note: AWK, SED, Smalltalk, Eiffel, Ada, Prolog, assembler, Objective C, Logo, Pascal (p2c converter)

## 2.5 Links

- A general info site on programming languages, lots of info and opinions
- TCL
- Perl
- Python
- PHP
- Java
- clisp

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