[/
 / Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
 /
 / Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 /]

[section:ssl SSL]

Asio contains classes and class templates for basic SSL support. These classes
allow encrypted communication to be layered on top of an existing stream, such
as a TCP socket.

Before creating an encrypted stream, an application must construct an SSL
context object. This object is used to set SSL options such as verification
mode, certificate files, and so on. As an illustration, client-side
initialisation may look something like:

  ssl::context ctx(ssl::context::sslv23);
  ctx.set_verify_mode(ssl::verify_peer);
  ctx.load_verify_file("ca.pem");

To use SSL with a TCP socket, one may write:

  ssl::stream<ip::tcp::socket> ssl_sock(my_io_context, ctx);

To perform socket-specific operations, such as establishing an outbound
connection or accepting an incoming one, the underlying socket must first be
obtained using the `ssl::stream` template's [link
asio.reference.ssl__stream.lowest_layer `lowest_layer()`] member function:

  ip::tcp::socket::lowest_layer_type& sock = ssl_sock.lowest_layer();
  sock.connect(my_endpoint);

In some use cases the underlying stream object will need to have a longer
lifetime than the SSL stream, in which case the template parameter should be a
reference to the stream type:

  ip::tcp::socket sock(my_io_context);
  ssl::stream<ip::tcp::socket&> ssl_sock(sock, ctx);

SSL handshaking must be performed prior to transmitting or receiving data over
an encrypted connection. This is accomplished using the `ssl::stream`
template's [link asio.reference.ssl__stream.handshake handshake()] or [link
asio.reference.ssl__stream.async_handshake async_handshake()] member functions.

Once connected, SSL stream objects are used as synchronous or asynchronous read
and write streams. This means the objects can be used with any of the [link
asio.reference.read read()], [link asio.reference.async_read async_read()],
[link asio.reference.write write()], [link asio.reference.async_write
async_write()], [link asio.reference.read_until read_until()] or [link
asio.reference.async_read_until async_read_until()] free functions.

[heading Certificate Verification]

Asio provides various methods for configuring the way SSL certificates are
verified:

* [link asio.reference.ssl__context.set_default_verify_paths ssl::context::set_default_verify_paths()]
* [link asio.reference.ssl__context.set_verify_mode ssl::context::set_verify_mode()]
* [link asio.reference.ssl__context.set_verify_callback ssl::context::set_verify_callback()]
* [link asio.reference.ssl__context.load_verify_file ssl::context::load_verify_file()]
* [link asio.reference.ssl__stream.set_verify_mode ssl::stream::set_verify_mode()]
* [link asio.reference.ssl__stream.set_verify_callback ssl::stream::set_verify_callback()]

To simplify use cases where certificates are verified according to the rules in
RFC 6125 (identity verification in the context of Transport Layer Security),
Asio provides a reusable verification callback as a function object:

* [link asio.reference.ssl__host_name_verification ssl::host_name_verification]

The following example shows verification of a remote host's certificate
according to the rules used by HTTPS:

  using asio::ip::tcp;
  namespace ssl = asio::ssl;
  typedef ssl::stream<tcp::socket> ssl_socket;

  // Create a context that uses the default paths for
  // finding CA certificates.
  ssl::context ctx(ssl::context::sslv23);
  ctx.set_default_verify_paths();

  // Open a socket and connect it to the remote host.
  asio::io_context io_context;
  ssl_socket sock(io_context, ctx);
  tcp::resolver resolver(io_context);
  tcp::resolver::query query("host.name", "https");
  asio::connect(sock.lowest_layer(), resolver.resolve(query));
  sock.lowest_layer().set_option(tcp::no_delay(true));

  // Perform SSL handshake and verify the remote host's
  // certificate.
  sock.set_verify_mode(ssl::verify_peer);
  sock.set_verify_callback(ssl::host_name_verification("host.name"));
  sock.handshake(ssl_socket::client);

  // ... read and write as normal ...

[heading SSL and Threads]

SSL stream objects perform no locking of their own. Therefore, it is essential
that all asynchronous SSL operations are performed in an implicit or explicit
[link asio.overview.core.strands strand]. Note that this means that no
synchronisation is required (and so no locking overhead is incurred) in single
threaded programs.
 
[heading See Also]

[link asio.reference.ssl__context ssl::context],
[link asio.reference.ssl__host_name_verification ssl::host_name_verification],
[link asio.reference.ssl__stream ssl::stream],
[link asio.examples.cpp11_examples.ssl SSL example (C++11)].

[heading Notes]

[@http://www.openssl.org OpenSSL] is required to make use of Asio's SSL
support. When an application needs to use OpenSSL functionality that is not
wrapped by Asio, the underlying OpenSSL types may be obtained by calling [link
asio.reference.ssl__context.native_handle `ssl::context::native_handle()`] or
[link asio.reference.ssl__stream.native_handle `ssl::stream::native_handle()`].

[endsect]
