[/
 / Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
 /
 / Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
 / file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 /]

[section:token_adapters Completion Token Adapters]

A ['completion token adapter] is a utility that can be generically applied to a
[link asio.overview.model.completion_tokens completion token], to produce a new
completion token with modified behaviour. Common uses of completion token
adapters include:

* Automatically wrapping the completion handler to add [link
  asio.overview.model.associators associated characteristics].

* Transforming the completion signature and arguments passed to the completion
  handler.

Asio includes a number of completion token adapters as described below.

[heading bind_executor, bind_allocator, bind_cancellation_slot, and bind_immediate_executor]

The [link asio.reference.bind_executor `bind_executor`] function adapts a
completion token to imbue the completion handler with an [link
asio.overview.model.executors associated executor].

This example shows the `bind_executor` adapter applied to a lambda, to specify
that the handler should execute in the specified strand. The arguments to the
completion handler are passed through as-is.

  my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer,
      asio::bind_executor(my_strand,
        [](asio::error_code error, std::size_t bytes_transferred)
        {
          // ...
        }));

When applied to completion tokens that cause the initiating function to produce
a result, such as [link asio.reference.use_awaitable `use_awaitable`], the
result is returned unmodified.

  asio::awaitable<void> my_coroutine()
  {
    // ...
    std::size_t bytes_transferred =
      co_await my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer,
        asio::bind_executor(my_strand, asio::use_awaitable));
    // ...
  }

The [link asio.reference.bind_allocator `bind_allocator`], [link
asio.reference.bind_cancellation_slot `bind_cancellation_slot`], and [link
asio.reference.bind_immediate_executor `bind_immediate_executor`] adapters
work similarly, to imbue the completion handler with an [link
asio.overview.model.allocators associated allocator], [link
asio.overview.model.cancellation associated cancellation slot], and
associated immediate executor respectively.

[heading redirect_error]

The [link asio.reference.redirect_error `redirect_error`] function adapts a
completion token to capture the `error_code` produced by an operation into a
specified variable. In doing so, it modifies the completion signature to remove
the initial `error_code` parameter.

This example shows the `redirect_error` adapter applied to a lambda, to specify
that the error should be captured into `my_error`. The `error_code` is no
longer passed to the completion handler, but the remaining arguments are passed
through as-is.

  asio::error_code my_error; // N.B. must be valid until operation completes
  // ...
  my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer,
      asio::redirect_error(
        [](std::size_t bytes_transferred)
        {
          // ...
        }, my_error));

When applied to completion tokens that cause the initiating function to produce
a result, such as [link asio.reference.use_awaitable `use_awaitable`], the
result is returned unmodified. However, if the operation fails, the `co_await`
expression will no longer throw an exception on resumption.

  asio::awaitable<void> my_coroutine()
  {
    // ...
    asio::error_code my_error;
    std::size_t bytes_transferred =
      co_await my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer,
        asio::redirect_error(asio::use_awaitable, my_error));
    // ...
  }

[heading as_tuple]

The [link asio.reference.as_tuple `as_tuple`] adapter can be used to specify
that the completion handler arguments should be combined into a single tuple
argument.

For example, the `as_tuple` adapter may be used in conjunction with [link
asio.reference.use_awaitable `use_awaitable`] and structured bindings as
follows:

  auto [e, n] =
    co_await my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer,
      asio::as_tuple(asio::use_awaitable));

This adapter may also be used as a default completion token:

  using default_token = asio::as_tuple_t<asio::use_awaitable_t<>>;
  using tcp_socket = default_token::as_default_on_t<tcp::socket>;
  // ...
  asio::awaitable<void> do_read(tcp_socket my_socket)
  {
    // ...
    auto [e, n] = co_await my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer);
    // ...
  }

[heading as_single]

[note This is an experimental feature.]

The [link asio.reference.experimental__as_single `experimental::as_single`]
adapter can be used to specify that the completion handler
arguments should be combined into a single argument. For completion signatures
with a single parameter, the argument is passed through as-is. For signatures
with two or more parameters, the arguments are combined into a tuple.

For example, when applied to a timer wait operation, the single `error_code`
argument is passed directly to the completion handler:

  my_timer.async_wait(
      asio::experimental::as_single(
        [](asio::error_code error)
        {
          // ...
        }));

When applied to a socket read operation, where the completion signature
specifies two parameters, the handler is passed the result as a tuple:

  my_socket.async_read_some(my_buffer,
      asio::experimental::as_single,
        [](std::tuple<asio::error_code, std::size_t> result)
        {
          // ...
        }));

[heading append]

The [link asio.reference.append `append`] completion token adapter can be
used to pass additional completion handler arguments at the end of the
completion signature.

For example:

  timer.async_wait(
      asio::append(
        [](std::error_code ec, int i)
        {
          // ...
        },
        42
      )
    );

  std::future<int> f = timer.async_wait(
      asio::append(
        asio::use_future,
        42
      )
    );

[heading prepend]

The [link asio.reference.prepend `prepend`] completion token adapter can be
used to pass additional completion handler arguments before the existing
completion handler arguments.

For example:

  timer.async_wait(
      asio::prepend(
        [](int i, std::error_code ec)
        {
          // ...
        },
        42
      )
    );

  std::future<std::tuple<int, std::error_code>> f = timer.async_wait(
      asio::prepend(
        asio::use_future,
        42
      )
    );

[heading consign]

The [link asio.reference.consign `consign`] completion token adapter can be
used to attach additional values to a completion handler. This is typically used
to keep at least one copy of an object, such as a smart pointer, alive until the
completion handler is called.

For example:

  auto timer1 = std::make_shared<asio::steady_timer>(my_io_context);
  timer1->expires_after(std::chrono::seconds(1));
  timer1->async_wait(
      asio::consign(
        [](std::error_code ec)
        {
          // ...
        },
        timer1
      )
    );

  auto timer2 = std::make_shared<asio::steady_timer>(my_io_context);
  timer2->expires_after(std::chrono::seconds(30));
  std::future<void> f =
    timer2->async_wait(
      asio::consign(
        asio::use_future,
        timer2
      )
    );

[heading See Also]

[link asio.reference.bind_executor bind_executor],
[link asio.reference.bind_allocator bind_allocator],
[link asio.reference.bind_cancellation_slot bind_cancellation_slot],
[link asio.reference.redirect_error redirect_error],
[link asio.reference.as_tuple as_tuple],
[link asio.reference.experimental__as_single experimental::as_single],
[link asio.reference.append append],
[link asio.reference.prepend prepend].

[endsect]
